Pour les professionnels de santé

Mammals are microbially dominated and therefor to ensure their survival, the host has improved to coordinate and integrate conserved metabolic signalling, microbial sensing and immune response pathways through evolution. The system of crosstalking between host and microbiota permits the maintainance of homeostasis (Rooks, M. G., & Garrett, W. S. (2016)).

Dysbiosis can either break the ballance either result from the corruption of crosstalking system

Through numerous study, dysbiosis is increasingly correlated

- to majority or total of non-communicable disease as cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, obesity, metabiloc syndrome, diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases, autism, central nervous system disorder, cancer,

- to numerous communical or infectious diseases as infectious colitis, vaginosis, etc.

(Rooks, M. G., & Garrett, W. S. (2016), etc.)

The host relays on the microbiome for expended collection of digestive and metabolic enzimes :

- from exogenous undegested dietary components and with the help of anaerobic fermentation

- from endogenous compound generated by hoste or micro-organism

Through the monocelular epithelial intestinal membrane, the microbial and other gut micro-organisme metabolites will joint in blood and lymph circulation to reach all the body cells and thus influance immun response and disease risk. (Rooks, M. G., & Garrett, W. S. (2016))

Bibliographie Butyrate (ou SCFA) ses Bienfaits, Fonctions, Métabolisation, etc.

Aguilar, E. C., Leonel, A. J., Teixeira, L. G., Silva, A. R., Silva, J. F., Pelaez, J. M. N., … Alvarez-Leite, J. I. (2014). Butyrate impairs atherogenesis by reducing plaque inflammation and vulnerability and decreasing NFκB activation. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 24(6), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.002

Berni Canani, R., Di Costanzo, M., & Leone, L. (2012). The epigenetic effects of butyrate: Potential therapeutic implications for clinical practice. Clinical Epigenetics, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1868-7083-4-4

Böcker, U., Nebe, T., Herweck, F., Holt, L., Panja, A., Jobin, C., … Singer, M. V. (2003). Butyrate modulates intestinal epithelial cell-mediated neutrophil migration. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 131(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02056.x

Bourassa, M. W., Alim, I., Bultman, S. J., & Ratan, R. R. (2016, June 20). Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health? Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 625, pp. 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.009

Brahe, L. K., Astrup, A., & Larsen, L. H. (2013, December). Is butyrate the link between diet, intestinal microbiota and obesity-related metabolic diseases? Obesity Reviews, Vol. 14, pp. 950–959. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12068

Brouns, F., Kettlitz, B., & Arrigoni, E. (2002). Resistant starch and “the butyrate revolution.” Trends in Food Science and Technology, 13(8), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00131-0

Brouns, F., Kettlitz, B., & Arrigoni, E. (2002). Resistant starch and “the butyrate revolution.” Trends in Food Science & Technology, 13, 251–261. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232708648

Byrne, C. S., Chambers, E. S., Morrison, D. J., & Frost, G. (2015). The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. International Journal of Obesity, 39(9), 1331–1338. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.84

Canani, R. B., Costanzo, M. Di, Leone, L., Pedata, M., Meli, R., & Calignano, A. (2011). Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 17(12), 1519–1528. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i12.1519

Canfora, E. E., Jocken, J. W., & Blaak, E. E. (2015, October 19). Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Vol. 11, pp. 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.128

Chang, P. V., Hao, L., Offermanns, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2014). The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(6), 2247–2252. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1322269111

Cottier, F., Tan, A. S. M., Chen, J., Lum, J., Zolezzi, F., Poidinger, M., & Pavelka, N. (2015). The Transcriptional Stress Response of Candida albicans to Weak Organic Acids. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 5(4), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.114.015941

da Silva, B. C., Vieira, F. do N., Mouriño, J. L. P., Bolivar, N., & Seiffert, W. Q. (2016). Butyrate and propionate improve the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 47(2), 612–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12520

Davie, J. R. (2003). Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activity by Butyrate. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(7), 2485S-2493S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.7.2485s

Den Besten, G., Bleeker, A., Gerding, A., Van Eunen, K., Havinga, R., Van Dijk, T. H., … Bakker, B. M. (2015). Short-chain fatty acids protect against high-fat diet-induced obesity via a pparg-dependent switch from lipogenesis to fat oxidation. Diabetes, 64(7), 2398–2408. https://doi.org/10.2337/db14-1213

Donohoe, D. R., Collins, L. B., Wali, A., Bigler, R., Sun, W., & Bultman, S. J. (2012). The Warburg Effect Dictates the Mechanism of Butyrate-Mediated Histone Acetylation and Cell Proliferation. Molecular Cell, 48(4), 612–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2012.08.033

Duncan, S. (2007). Reduced dietary intake of carbohydrates by obese subjects results in decreased concentrations of butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria in feces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 1073–1078.

Duncan, S. H., Holtrop, G., Lobley, G. E., Calder, A. G., Stewart, C. S., & Flint, H. J. (2004). Contribution of acetate to butyrate formation by human faecal bacteria. British Journal of Nutrition, 91(6), 915–923. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041150

Elamin, E. E., Masclee, A. A., Dekker, J., Pieters, H.-J., & Jonkers, D. M. (2013). Short-Chain Fatty Acids Activate AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Ameliorate Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. The Journal of Nutrition, 143(12), 1872–1881. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.179549

Fu, S. P., Wang, J. F., Xue, W. J., Liu, H. M., Liu, B. run, Zeng, Y. L., … Liu, J. X. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effects of BHBA in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson’s disease models are mediated by GPR109A-dependent mechanisms. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-014-0230-3

Gao, Z., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Ward, R. E., Martin, R. J., Lefevre, M., … Ye, J. (2009). Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes, 58(7), 1509–1517. https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-1637

Guilloteau, P., Martin, L., Eeckhaut, V., Ducatelle, R., Zabielski, R., & Van Immerseel, F. (2010). From the gut to the peripheral tissues: The multiple effects of butyrate. Nutrition Research Reviews, 23(2), 366–384. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000247

Hamer, H. M., Jonkers, D., Venema, K., Vanhoutvin, S., Troost, F. J., & Brummer, R. J. (2008, January). Review article: The role of butyrate on colonic function. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 27, pp. 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03562.x

Hamer, H. M., Jonkers, D. M. A. E., Bast, A., Vanhoutvin, S. A. L. W., Fischer, M. A. J. G., Kodde, A., … Brummer, R. J. M. (2009). Butyrate modulates oxidative stress in the colonic mucosa of healthy humans. Clinical Nutrition, 28(1), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.11.002

Huang, C., Song, P., Fan, P., Hou, C., Thacker, P., & Ma, X. (2015). Dietary Sodium Butyrate Decreases Postweaning Diarrhea by Modulating Intestinal Permeability and Changing the Bacterial Communities in Weaned Piglets. The Journal of Nutrition, 145(12), 2774–2780. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.217406

Jones, M. L., Martoni, C. J., Ganopolsky, J. G., Labbé, A., & Prakash, S. (2014). The human microbiome and bile acid metabolism: Dysbiosis, dysmetabolism, disease and intervention. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, Vol. 14, pp. 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2014.880420

Kato, S. I., Sato, K., Chida, H., Roh, S. G., Ohwada, S., Sato, S., … Katoh, K. (2011). Effects of Na-butyrate supplementation in milk formula on plasma concentrations of GH and insulin, and on rumen papilla development in calves. Journal of Endocrinology, 211(3), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-11-0299

Kimura, I., Inoue, D., Maeda, T., Hara, T., Ichimura, A., Miyauchi, S., … Tsujimoto, G. (2011). Short-chain fatty acids and ketones directly regulate sympathetic nervous system via G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(19), 8030–8035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016088108

Kimura, I., Ozawa, K., Inoue, D., Imamura, T., Kimura, K., Maeda, T., … Tsujimoto, G. (2013). The gut microbiota suppresses insulin-mediated fat accumulation via the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43. Nature Communications, 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2852

Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., & Bäckhed, F. (2016, June 2). From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell, Vol. 165, pp. 1332–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041

Leonel, A. J., & Alvarez-Leite, J. I. (2012, September). Butyrate: Implications for intestinal function. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, Vol. 15, pp. 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32835665fa

Lewis, J. D., & Abreu, M. T. (2017). Diet as a Trigger or Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology, 152(2), 398-414.e6. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.019

Liu, H., Wang, J., He, T., Becker, S., Zhang, G., Li, D., & Ma, X. (2018, January 1). Butyrate: A double-edged sword for health? Advances in Nutrition, Vol. 9, pp. 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmx009

Liu, T., Li, J., Liu, Y., Xiao, N., Suo, H., Xie, K., … Wu, C. (2012). Short-Chain fatty acids suppress lipopolysaccharide-Induced production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines through inhibition of NF-?B Pathway in RAW264.7 cells. Inflammation, 35(5), 1676–1684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-012-9484-z

Louis, P., & Flint, H. J. (2017, January 1). Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 19, pp. 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13589

Ma, X., Fan, P. X., Li, L. S., Qiao, S. Y., Zhang, G. L., & Li, D. F. (2012). Butyrate promotes the recovering of intestinal wound healing through its positive effect on the tight junctions. Journal of Animal Science, 90(SUPPL4), 266–268. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.50965

Matter, K., Aijaz, S., Tsapara, A., & Balda, M. S. (2005). Mammalian tight junctions in the regulation of epithelial differentiation and proliferation. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, Vol. 17, pp. 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2005.08.003

McNeil, N. I. (1984). The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. 39(2), 338–342. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/39.2.338

Meijer, K., de Vos, P., & Priebe, M. G. (2010). Butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids as modulators of immunity: what relevance for health? Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13(6), 715–721. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833eebe5

Miletta, M. C., Petkovic, V., Eblé, A., Ammann, R. A., Flück, C. E., & Mullis, P. E. (2014). Butyrate increases intracellular calcium levels and enhances growth hormone release from rat anterior pituitary cells via the G-protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and 43. PLoS ONE, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107388

Morrison, D. J., & Preston, T. (2016, May 3). Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes, Vol. 7, pp. 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082

Nohr, M. K., Egerod, K. L., Christiansen, S. H., Gille, A., Offermanns, S., Schwartz, T. W., & Møller, M. (2015). Expression of the short chain fatty acid receptor GPR41/FFAR3 in autonomic and somatic sensory ganglia. Neuroscience, 290, 126–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.040

Nohr, M. K., Pedersen, M. H., Gille, A., Egerod, K. L., Engelstoft, M. S., Husted, A. S., … Schwartz, T. W. (2013). GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. Endocrinology, 154(10), 3552–3564. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1142

Park, J., Kim, M., Kang, S. G., Jannasch, A. H., Cooper, B., Patterson, J., & Kim, C. H. (2015). Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR-S6K pathway. Mucosal Immunology, 8(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2014.44

Peng, L., Li, Z.-R., Green, R. S., Holzman, I. R., & Lin, J. (2009). Butyrate Enhances the Intestinal Barrier by Facilitating Tight Junction Assembly via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. The Journal of Nutrition, 139(9), 1619–1625. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.104638

Pryde, S. E., Duncan, S. H., Hold, G. L., Stewart, C. S., & Flint, H. J. (2002). The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 217(2), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11467.x

Psichas, A., Sleeth, M. L., Murphy, K. G., Brooks, L., Bewick, G. A., Hanyaloglu, A. C., … Frost, G. (2015). The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. International Journal of Obesity, 39(3), 424–429. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.153

Puertollano, E., Kolida, S., & Yaqoob, P. (2014). Biological significance of short-chain fatty acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiome. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 17(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000025

Ríos-Covián, D., Ruas-Madiedo, P., Margolles, A., Gueimonde, M., De los Reyes-Gavilán, C. G., & Salazar, N. (2016, February 17). Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health. Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185

Rombeau, J. L., & Kripke, S. A. (1990). Metabolic and Intestinal Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 14(5_suppl), 181S-185S. https://doi.org/10.1177/014860719001400507

Rooks, M. G., & Garrett, W. S. (2016). Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(6), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.42

Roy, C. C., Kien, C. L., Bouthillier, L., & Levy, E. (2006). Short-chain fatty acids: ready for prime time? Nutrition in Clinical Practice, Vol. 21, pp. 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0115426506021004351

Russo, I., Luciani, A., de Cicco, P., Troncone, E., & Ciacci, C. (2012, March 6). Butyrate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in intestinal cells and Crohn’s mucosa through modulation of antioxidant defense machinery. PLoS ONE, Vol. 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032841

Sanchez, H. N., Moroney, J. B., Gan, H., Shen, T., Im, J. L., Li, T., … Casali, P. (2020). B cell-intrinsic epigenetic modulation of antibody responses by dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13603-6

Schauber, J., Svanholm, C., Termén, S., Iffland, K., Menzel, T., Scheppach, W., … Gudmundsson, G. H. (2003). Expression of the cathelicidin LL-37 is modulated by short chain fatty acids in colonocytes: Relevance of signalling pathways. Gut, 52(5), 735–741. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.52.5.735

Schwab, M., Reynders, V., Loitsch, S., Steinhilber, D., Stein, J., & Schröder, O. (2007). Involvement of different nuclear hormone receptors in butyrate-mediated inhibition of inducible NFκB signalling. Molecular Immunology, 44(15), 3625–3632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2007.04.010

Schwiertz, A., Taras, D., Schäfer, K., Beijer, S., Bos, N. A., Donus, C., & Hardt, P. D. (2010). Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity, 18(1), 190–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.167

Segain, J. P., Galmiche, J. P., Raingeard De La Blétière, D., Bourreille, A., Leray, V., Gervois, N., … Blottière, H. M. (2000). Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NFκB inhibition: Implications for Crohn’s disease. Gut, 47(3), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.47.3.397

Singh, N., Gurav, A., Sivaprakasam, S., Brady, E., Padia, R., Shi, H., … Ganapathy, V. (2014). Activation of Gpr109a, receptor for niacin and the commensal metabolite butyrate, suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Immunity, 40(1), 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.007

Singh, N., Thangaraju, M., Prasad, P. D., Martin, P. M., Lambert, N. A., Boettger, T., … Ganapathy, V. (2010). Blockade of dendritic cell development by bacterial fermentation products butyrate and propionate through a transporter (Slc5a8)-dependent inhibition of histone deacetylases. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(36), 27601–27608. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.102947

Smith, P. M., Howitt, M. R., Panikov, N., Michaud, M., Gallini, C. A., Bohlooly-Y, M., … Garrett, W. S. (2013). The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic T reg cell homeostasis. Science, 341(6145), 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241165

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Trachsel, J., Bayles, D. O., Looft, T., Levine, U. Y., & Allen, H. K. (2016). Function and phylogeny of bacterial butyryl coenzyme A:acetate transferases and their diversity in the proximal colon of swine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82(22), 6788–6798. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02307-16

Venkatraman, A., Ramakrishna, B. S., Shaji, R. V., Kumar, N. S. N., Pulimood, A., & Patra, S. (2003). Amelioration of dextran sulfate colitis by butyrate: Role of heat shock protein 70 and NF-κB. American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 285(1 48-1). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00307.2002

Vinolo, M. A. R., Rodrigues, H. G., Hatanaka, E., Hebeda, C. B., Farsky, S. H. P., & Curi, R. (2009). Short-chain fatty acids stimulate the migration of neutrophils to inflammatory sites. Clinical Science, 117(9), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20080642

Vinolo, M. A. R., Rodrigues, H. G., Hatanaka, E., Sato, F. T., Sampaio, S. C., & Curi, R. (2011). Suppressive effect of short-chain fatty acids on production of proinflammatory mediators by neutrophils. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22(9), 849–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.07.009

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Voltolini, C., Battersby, S., Etherington, S. L., Petraglia, F., Norman, J. E., & Jabbour, H. N. (2012). A novel antiinflammatory role for the short-chain fatty acids in human labor. Endocrinology, 153(1), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1457

Wang, H. B., Wang, P. Y., Wang, X., Wan, Y. L., & Liu, Y. C. (2012). Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulation of tight junction protein claudin-1 transcription. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 57(12), 3126–3135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2259-4

Willemsen, L. E. M., Koetsier, M. A., Van Deventer, S. J. H., & Van Tol, E. A. F. (2003). Short chain fatty acids stimulate epithelial mucin 2 expression through differential effects on prostaglandin E1 and E2 production by intestinal myofibroblasts. Gut, 52(10), 1442–1447. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.52.10.1442

Wong, J. M. W., De Souza, R., Kendall, C. W. C., Emam, A., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2006). Colonic health: Fermentation and short chain fatty acids. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 40(3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200603000-00015

Yadav, H., Lee, J. H., Lloyd, J., Walter, P., & Rane, S. G. (2013). Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(35), 25088–25097. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.452516

Bibliographie : Alimentation, Microbiome & ses Fonctions Physiologiques

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Cai, L., Sutter, B. M., Li, B., & Tu, B. P. (2011). Acetyl-CoA Induces Cell Growth and Proliferation by Promoting the Acetylation of Histones at Growth Genes. Molecular Cell, 42(4), 426–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.05.004

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