Le métabolome alimentaire (food metabolome) au centre de toutes les fonctions humaines

Le métabolome alimentaire est l'ensemble des molécules résultant de la transformation des aliments par les processus des transformations humaine et microbiotique.

La composition des fluides de nourrissement (régénérant) et de drainage (détoxifiant) sont constitués principalement de trois métabolomes: 1. métabolome intrinsèque humains; 2. métabolome alimentaires; 3. métabolome xénobiotique autres (cf médicaments, polluants chimiques, etc;).

Le métabolome alimentaire est le plus important de tous les métabolomes de l’humain quantitativement par le nombre très élevé de ses molécules ainsi que qualitativement par les variance de sa composition selon des individus en fonction de leur régimes alimentaires.

Le métabolime alimentaires constitue donc de loin le plus grand nombre de composants ;

- circulants dans tous les fluides du corps (tel que sang, sérum, lymphe, liquide interstitiel, liquide céphalo-rachidien, etc),

- interagissant avec toutes les cellules du corps,

- s'intégrant à tous les tissus, organes, etc,

- influençant l'expression des gènes...

Le métabolome alimentaire peut être complètement différent selon les choix alimentaire qui au préalable sont capables de complètement modifier la composition de la flore intestinale.

General notion on Food Metabolome

Definition of food metabolome

The food metabolome is the result of human and flora digestion and biotransformation of food. The blood metabolome can be primarily observe in the blood and lymph. The complexity of the food metabolome is comprehended in the 25 000 compounds known in various foods.

Role of food metabolome

The food metabolome varies widely with the diet and has an inherent influence on health and diseases.

The food metabolome has a primordial influence

- on the gene expression of human and microbiome flora (cf Nutriepigenomics & Nutritional Genomics or Nutrigenomics)

- on the health or degradation of cells and tissues of the body,

- on the health or damage of body organs and system including brain and nervous system,

- on the physiologic or pathologic expression of endocrinal system (hormones).

Diet is the first and foremost key influence on the food metabolome in short and long term. The other factors of influence of food metabolome in a short term or restrained level are gender, health status, genetics, kinetics, physiology and age.

Metabolome definition

The food metabolome is part of the humane metabolome.

The branches of human metabolome are:

I-The Endogenous metabolome

1) the human endogenous metabolome (consisting of chemicals needed for, or excreted from, cellular metabolism);

2) the bacterial metabolome itself resulting from the transformation of human endogenous metabolome and all other exogenous metabolomes starting by food metabolome.

II-The exogenous metabolome

1)the food metabolome (consisting of essential and non-essential chemicals derived from foods after digestion and subsequent metabolism by the tissues and the microbiota);

2) other xenobiotics derived from drugs;

3) other xenobiotics derived from environmental or workplace chemicals.

The human metabolome is actually constituted of 50 000 different datable compounds that will probably expend with future researches.

Augustin Scalbert, Lorraine Brennan, Claudine Manach, Cristina Andres-Lacueva, Lars O Dragsted, John Draper, Stephen M Rappaport, Justin JJ van der Hooft, David S Wishart, The food metabolome: a window over dietary exposure, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 99, Issue 6, June 2014, Pages 1286–1308, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.076133

https://foodmetabolome.org/metabolome

Quantitative importance of food metabolome

Food is the biggest environment exposure represented by what we ingest as food filtered by guts and the microbiota which result in food metabolome.

Food metabolome is widest than endogenous metabolome and is the widest of exogenous metabolome.

Microbial metabolite

Microbial metabolite of human flora is constituted by the transformation of human endogenous metabolome and all other exogenous metabolomes starting by food metabolome.

Microbial metabolome can be defined:

I-Either in distinct bacterial metabolome

- vitamins,

- certain protein and essential amino acids

- a few fatty acids (about 100 compounds in total are known at this time)

- short chain fatty acids,

- secondary bile acids,

- plant polyphenol metabolites

- TMAO Trimethylamine N-oxide

II- Eighter in indistinct bacterial metabolome directly part of

- human metabolome (because issued from the transformation of human metabolome),

- food metabolome (because issued from the transformation of food metabolome).

Central importance of food metabolome

Food metabolome along with other metabolome are the bridges between structure (genotype) and function (phenotype).

Food metabolome are themself strongly influencing structure (genotype) and function (phenotype) witch themselves are mutually and reciprocally influencing one-another.

General schema showing the relationships of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome (lipidome).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolome#/media/File:Metabolomics_schema.png

Food metabolite and diseases

TMAO Trimethylamine N-oxide

TMAO Trimethylamine N-oxide is a component of food metabolome resulting from the consumption of animal product including meat, fish and eggs.

Even a small consumption of animal product leads to TMAO blood content.

TMAO is extremely cancerogenic, implicated in cardio-vascular pathologies, neurological diseases as well as other modern diseases.

The toxicity and dangerous of TMAO is recognised by World Health Organisation.

Bibliography

Augustin Scalbert, Lorraine Brennan, Claudine Manach, Cristina Andres-Lacueva, Lars O Dragsted, John Draper, Stephen M Rappaport, Justin JJ van der Hooft, David S Wishart, The food metabolome: a window over dietary exposure, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 99, Issue 6, June 2014, Pages 1286–1308, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.076133

https://foodmetabolome.org/metabolome